
Minced Words is Emily Brewster’s bi-weekly rumination on the language that we use to talk about food. Emily is a lexicographer for Merriam-Webster.
This week’s Root Source made me curious: why do we call the traditional centerpiece of our Thanksgiving table a “turkey”? Is there any relationship between the bird and the country?
The common turkey was most likely domesticated by the Indians of Pre-Columbian Mexico. Spanish colonists encountered turkeys there and took them home to Spain in the early 1500s. It didn’t take long for the birds to make their way back to England with a little help from their friends.
The English confused these new birds with a bird of African origin, one known as both guinea fowl (or guinea cock, named because it was often imported from the west African country of Guinea) and turkey-cock.

That same bird was also imported from a huge territory that the 16th century English called Turkey but that actually encompassed all of the Ottoman Empire — everything between parts of current-day Austria in the west, Iran in the east, southern Poland in the north, and northern Africa in the south.
The New World bird looked similar to its African cousin, and the English called it by the same name. By 1555, turkey-cock was being shortened to turkey, and we’ve been calling this New World bird by that name ever since.

In the 17th century, the turkey (as bred by the English) was brought to northern North America by English colonists. It seems unlikely that the first Thanksgiving dinner shared between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Indians in 1621 included turkey, but at some point along the way, turkeys became an indispensable part of the celebration.
Although more often employed by farmers and hunters, there are synonyms for turkey. Lost in lexicographical history are the particular Thomas and Jake who may have given us the name tom for an adult male turkey in the late 18th century and jake for a young wild turkey in the surprisingly recent late 1970s. And there’s gobbler, a word used for male turkeys since around 1737. Female turkeys, like chickens, are called hens. Young turkeys of both genders can be called poults.
Related: Root Source: Turkey (Cookthink)
Related: Are Brussels sprouts from Brussels? (Cookthink)
Related: More turkey facts than you would ever want to know (University of Illinois)